Large Mouth Bass
While the traditional range of the large mouth bass was the east half of the United States, it is now one of the most widely distributed freshwater fish in the world. This is due to their popularity as game fish and their ability to adapt to many different freshwater environments. The range now includes all of the US, Japan, South Africa, much of Europe, as well as New Zealand and the Philippines. They can be found anywhere from large lakes and rivers to swamps.
Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Chordata
Class - Actinopterygii
Subclass - Neopterygii
Infraclass - Teleostei
Order - Perciformes
Family - Centrarchidae
Genus – Micropterus
Species – M. salmoides
Common Names – Large mouth bass, large-mouth bass, bass, American black bass, bayou bass, big mouth bass, black bass, bucket mouth, lake bass, green bass
A warm water fish, large mouth bass tend to stay in shallower water and do not stray in to the deeper, cooler areas of their habitat unless the surface temperatures become intolerably cold. Predatory even as fry, they first feed on zooplankton before moving on to small fish and insects as juveniles and finally, as adults, they feed on larger fish, crayfish, turtles, amphibians, and even birds. They will feed at any time of day, but the morning or evening twilight are their peak feeding times. While juveniles may become prey for any number of fish, birds, or reptiles, adults are considered top tier predators and have little to fear.
Male large mouth bass use their tails to sweep out a nest in 2-8 feet of water. They will then nudge or encourage a female into the nest where she will lay between 2-43 thousand eggs before exiting the nest. The male then broods the eggs, sometimes from multiple females, for 5-10 days before several thousand fry hatch. The tiny fry, transparent and only about 3 millimeters long, remain in the relative safety of the nest, with their father standing guard against predators, for another week before setting off on their own. During this first week, they survive on the nutrients from their yolk sack. Upon leaving the nest, the young, which would then be a light green, school together and feed on zooplankton. They become mature at about four months old.
Members of the sunfish family (Centrarchidae), large mouth bass can be distinguished from their closest relatives - smallmouth or spotted bass - by the size of their mouth, which extends beyond the eye. Their spiny dorsal fins to the front are also separated from the softer dorsal fins to the rear, while they are fused in other bass. Their coloration tends toward an olive or dark green, fading to greenish yellow on their sides and a creamy off-white on their belly. A dark, uneven, stripe follows the lateral line along their sides. Their average lifespan in the wild (11-15 years) is twice as long as in captivity (6 years). As the world record of 22 pounds 4 ounces shows, they can reach sizes of over two feet and 20 pounds, but those sizes are rare. The average size for a large mouth bass varies greatly from 10-20 inches and 1-2 pounds, although 5-13 pound individuals are not uncommon. They will sometimes interbreed with other close relatives, such as the small mouth bass.
The oldest fossil of a bass was found in Texas and dated to 23 million years ago. The eleven current species of black bass were believed to have diverged from others eleven million years ago. The genus micropterus was believed to have emerged about 26 million years ago, during either the Oligocene or Miocene epochs.
Large mouth bass are in no danger of extinction. They are, however, a danger to other animals. Since they are so widely introduced, they have had a negative impact on many of their new homes. The Atitlán Grebe of Guatemala, a subspecies of the pie-billed grebe, is believed to be extinct and part of the blame for the loss of the bird is placed on the introduction on large mouth bass. In Europe - especially Spain - the introduction of European pike and North American large mouth bass are considered to be among the biggest threat to native species, behind only the mass extraction of water for human usage.
Invasive Species: What Everyone Needs to Know by Daniel Simberloff
Speciation in North American Black Basses, Micropterus (Actinopterygii: Centrarchidae) Thomas J. Near, Todd W. Kassler, Jeffrey B. Koppelman, Casey B. Dillman, and David P. Philipp
Ecology of North American Freshwater Fishes by Stephen T. Ross
Peterson Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes, Second Edition (Peterson Field Guides) by Lawrence M. Page, Brooks M. Burr
Invasive Species in a Globalized World: Ecological, Social, and Legal Perspectives on Policy by Reuben P. Keller and Marc W. Cadotte