Bowhead Whale
The bowhead whale is named for its arched mouth – shaped like a bow. It’s one of the longest lived animals on Earth.
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Infraorder: Cetacea
Family: Balaenidae
Genus: Balaena
Species: B. mysticetus
Common Names: Bowhead Whale, Greenland Right Whale, Arctic Whale, Swedenborg Whale, Steeple-top, Polar Whale, Russian Whale
Bowhead whales are found in the Arctic waters near the North Pole.
Bowhead whales are mostly solitary animals, living most of their lives alone or in small groups. They can hold their breath underwater for an hour while they dive into the depths. Like other baleen whales including the humpback whale, the blue whale, and its close relative the right whale, the bowhead whale is a filter feeder, meaning it ingests large amounts of water and uses the bristle-like baleen in its mouth to filter out tiny organisms to eat.
Bowhead whales are very vocal and communicate through low frequency “songs”. They use these songs for a variety of purposes, including navigation and even mating calls.
Their large heads are triangular in shape, and help them breakthrough Arctic sea ice in order to breathe.
Bowhead whales are thought to breed mostly in March, a belief which is based on the frequency of the sounds they use to communicate underwater (called “songs”). Pregnancy lasts for 13 to 14 months, and newborn calves are usually already 15 feet long and weight about a ton (2,200 pounds).
Bowhead whales are large whales with huge heads. Their name comes from their arched mouth, which is full of bristles called baleen that they use to strain their food – tiny organisms called plankton – from the water they intake. Bowhead whales are largely black, with white patches on their chin and occasionally near their tail.
Bowhead whales can grow up to 60 feet in length, and can weigh up to 100 tons.
Like all whales, their nostrils are located on the top of their heads, and are called a “blowhole”. Through this they can spout a spray of up to 20 feet high when they surface to take a breath.
To help them stay warm in their cold Arctic habitat, bowhead whales have a thick layer of fat called blubber that is the thickest of any known animal. It can be almost 20 inches thick.
Bowhead whales are some of the longest living animals, and can reach ages of over 200 years old. A bowhead whale was found in 2007 with a harpoon embedded in its head from the late 1800s, meaning it would have been nearly 130 years old. This led scientists to investigate the ages of bowhead whales, and they were able to determine one specimen’s age to be 211 years. Their maximum lifespan may be as high as 268 years.
Bowhead whales are closely related to right whales, and up until fairly recently were often included in the same genus – Balaena. However, in the 2000s right whales were found to be genetically different enough to merit placement in their own genus – Eubalaena. There was initially thought to be an elusive unknown species of right whale called the “Swedenborg whale”, though analysis showed the bones believed to be from Swedenborg whales actually belong to bowheads.
Bowhead whales are currently believed to be a species of “Least Concern”, though certain populations are believed to be endangered or critically endangered.
While they are sometimes preyed upon by orcas, their biggest threat is human activity. They have historically been hunted by whalers. It is a slow swimmer and usually floats after death, making it an ideal target. Bowhead whales were severely depleted by whaling until commercial whaling was outlawed worldwide. Native peoples of Alaska, including the Inuit and Iñupiat, are still allowed to hunt bowhead whales, as they have traditionally for centuries.
References
Shirahai, Hadoran & Jarrett, Brett (2006). Whales,Dolphins & Other Marine Mammals of the World. Princeton, New Jersey:Princeton University Press.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowhead_whale
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