Emperor Penguin
The largest living species of penguin, the emperor penguin is found in Antarctica and can grow over three feet tall.
Class: Aves
Order: Sphenisciformes
Family: Spheniscidae
Genus: Aptenodytes
Species: A. forsteri
Common Names: Emperor Penguin
Emperor penguins live on and around the frigid continent of Antarctica. They are highly adapted to life in cold temperatures and spend much of their time on pack ice and in the sea.
They are excellent swimmers and feed on fish, squid and crustaceans that they catch at sea. They can dive as deep as 160 feet in search of tasty fish to eat.
Emperor penguins must be on the lookout for predators, which include the leopard seal and the orca (or killer whale).
In the months of March and April, emperor penguins journey to nesting areas where large numbers of penguins gather for breeding. The journey can be as long as 75 miles. Males and females pair off and will stay together for the remainder of the year. In June, the female will lay one egg. The egg has a particularly thick shell which helps protect it while it waits to hatch.
Laying the egg takes a toll on the mother, so she soon transfers it over to her male mate carefully. The mother will then depart back to the sea, while the male’s job is to incubate the egg by holding it between his legs for safety and warmth. About 75 days later, the egg will hatch, a process that can take quite some time due to the egg’s thick shell.
The newly hatched chick is sustained by a substance produced by the father called “crop milk”. Aside from emperor penguins, only pigeons and flamingoes are able to produce such a substance. Soon after the chick hatches, the mother will return to help care for the baby. Then it is the father’s turn to head to sea and regain his strength through feeding.
The parents will then take turns, with one caring for the chick while the other gathers food at sea. After about 50 days of this, both parents will leave to get food, while chicks will huddle together for warmth. Around December, parents and their chicks will begin their journey together back to the sea.
The emperor penguin can grow up to 39 inches tall and weigh as much as 90 pounds. Its head is black, its back and wings are dark gray, and its front is yellowish white. It has distinctive orange and yellow markings on either side of its neck, and an orange stripe along its beak. Like all penguins, it is flightless, and its wings are adapted into fin-like structures to help them swim better.
A similar species, the related king penguin, is smaller, less heavily built, and features orange neck markings with more sharply defined edges than those of the emperor penguin.
Baby emperor penguins are covered in a layer of fluffy feathers resembling fur, with light gray bodies and black and white heads.
The emperor penguin’s life cycle including its breeding and chick-rearing process has long fascinated humans. As early as 1922, Antarctic explorer Apsley Cherry-Garrard wrote about the hardships these birds faced.
A documentary called March of the Penguins detailed the harrowing process of emperor penguin reproduction, and proved very popular. Numerous television programs have also covered the subject, including Planet Earth, Blue Planet and Frozen Planet.
The very popular computer animated children’s film Happy Feet and its sequel Happy Feet 2 also focused on the lives of emperor penguins. The movie details their life cycle and includes messages on climate change and other threats faced by the birds.
In the Batman comic books, one of his chief rivals is the Penguin, a criminal who models his style and appearance based on the emperor penguin. He is known to use the alias Forster Aptenodytes (based on the penguin’s scientific name), and occasionally uses penguins including emperor penguins to do his bidding.
Emperor penguins are a Near Threatened species. The birds’ food supply is diminishing, caused by climate change as well as overfishing by humans. Emperor penguins are known to be extremely sensitive to uncharacteristically warm or cold seasons, meaning volatile changes in climate brought on by climate change can cause great harm to the penguin population. Habitat loss due to melting sea ice is also a cause for serious concern.
References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_penguin
https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/birds/emperor-penguin/natural-history.html
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