Humboldt Penguin
Humboldt penguins are found along the western coast of South America, on islands and rocky coastal areas.
Class: Aves
Order: Sphenisciformes
Family: Spheniscidae
Genus: Spheniscus
Species: S. humboldti
Common Names: Humboldt Penguin
Humboldt penguins search for food usually close to their island homes, but can swim as far as 57 miles from shore in search of food if needed. They typically eat fish.
Humboldt penguins gather in loose knit colonies to nest. They build their nests out of guano – a.k.a. penguin poo. Typically each pair of penguins lays two eggs, that hatch after being incubated for around 40 days.
Humboldt penguins grow to about two feet in length and can weigh as much as 13 pounds. Their coloration is black and white, like many penguins. It is the heaviest species of penguin in the genus Spheniscus, which includes the African penguin, the Magellanic penguin, and the Galapagos penguin (collectively known as the banded penguins). The fleshy area around their eyes and the base of their beak is pink in color.
Like all penguins, they are flightless, and their wings have adapted to be flipper-like to help them swim through the ocean.
The Humboldt penguin is named for explorer Alexander von Humboldt.
In 1953, a Humboldt penguin was found far from its home range in The Bronx, New York. It was the only instance of a Humboldt penguin in Atlantic waters near the United States. No zoos in the area were missing penguins, but it may have come from a private individual’s collection.
The oldest Humboldt penguin known was named Mr. Sea, a captive penguin from the Woodland Park Zoo in Seattle, Washington. Mr. Sea was almost 32 years old when he passed away. The usually lifespan of a Humboldt penguin is around half of that.
Historically, Humboldt penguins have been targeted in Peru for their guano, which is a high quality fertilizer, and their eggs. In the 1800s, many breeding grounds were destroyed due to guano harvesting.
Currently, Humboldt penguins are considered a Vulnerable species. In addition to the population decline that occurred during the days of guano harvesting, these penguins still face present day threats from other human-related sources. The fishing industry can deplete the penguins’ food source, and the penguins themselves can become tangled in nets. Feral animals like goats, cats and dogs, as well as introduced species like Norway and black rats, are known to feed on penguin eggs, as well as the vegetation penguins use to build nests.
Simply being in close proximity to humans can cause harm to Humboldt penguin populations. While nesting, Humboldt penguins are showing to react to human beings coming within 500 feet of them. The interaction can cause stress to the birds and cause them to abandon their nests in some cases.
Coal plants and mining, as well as oil spills, can also cause serious harm to penguin populations.